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International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation
International Peer Reviewed & Refereed Journals, Open Access Journal
ISSN Approved Journal No: 2456-3315 | Impact factor: 8.14 | ESTD Year: 2016
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Issue: March 2026
Volume 11 | Issue 3
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Impact Factor : 8.14
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| Paper Title: | Modernisation and survival: a dilemma of the Toto tribe |
| Authors Name: | Dr. Saheli Saha , Professor Debasri Banerjee |
| Download E-Certificate: | Download |
| Author Reg. ID: |
IJRTI_209347
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| Published Paper Id: | IJRTI2601096 |
| Published In: | Volume 11 Issue 1, January-2026 |
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.56975/ijrti.v11i1.209347 |
| Abstract: | The Toto tribe, belonging to the Mongoloid racial group, inhabits a small and isolated village named Totopara, situated in the Alipurduar district of West Bengal, near the Indo-Bhutan border. Historically, the Totos were slaves of the Bhutanese and during the Anglo-Bhutan War, they were sent to Indian territory and gradually settled in Totopara. The Totos have long been regarded as one of the most underdeveloped tribal communities in the Dooars region. Their society was often characterised by unhygienic living conditions, low literacy rates, poor transportation facilities, and religious-magico practices for healing. With the impact of modernisation and development initiatives, the Toto community has started undergoing a visible transformation. This study attempts to understand the impact of modernisation that influenced the Totos’ way of life and how far they have progressed in overcoming their age-old stigmas and socio-economic backwardness. The primary objective of this research is to examine the impacts of modernisation on various aspects of their lives while also exploring the ways in which they continue to maintain and safeguard their cultural identity. For this purpose, the study has adopted an ethnographic approach. Data were collected through focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, unstructured interviews and participant observation. Respondents included secondary-level students, their parents, teachers, local folk artists, traditional ayurvedic practitioners, and resource persons of the community. The study followed the thematic analysis given by Braun and Clarke (2006). Based on the analysis, three major themes emerged that reflect the modernisation of the community—namely, educational upliftment, socio-cultural shift, and economic development. |
| Keywords: | Toto Tribe, Modernisation, Ethnic Resistance |
| Cite Article: | "Modernisation and survival: a dilemma of the Toto tribe", International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation (www.ijrti.org), ISSN:2455-2631, Vol.11, Issue 1, page no.a649-a662, January-2026, Available :http://www.ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI2601096.pdf |
| Downloads: | 000163 |
| ISSN: |
2456-3315 | IMPACT FACTOR: 8.14 Calculated By Google Scholar| ESTD YEAR: 2016 An International Scholarly Open Access Journal, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed Journal Impact Factor 8.14 Calculate by Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Multilanguage Journal Indexing in All Major Database & Metadata, Citation Generator |
| Publication Details: |
Published Paper ID: IJRTI2601096
Registration ID:209347
Published In: Volume 11 Issue 1, January-2026
DOI (Digital Object Identifier): https://doi.org/10.56975/ijrti.v11i1.209347
Page No: a649-a662 Country: -, -, India Research Area: Engineering Publisher : IJ Publication Published Paper URL : https://www.ijrti.org/viewpaperforall?paper=IJRTI2601096 Published Paper PDF: https://www.ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI2601096 |
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ISSN: 2456-3315
Impact Factor: 8.14 and ISSN APPROVED,
Journal Starting Year (ESTD) : 2016
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