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Paper Title
Biodiesel and Ternary Blends in Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: A Comprehensive Review
Authors
Rajinder Kumar , Dr. Basant Lal , Dr Sunil Mahla
Keywords
biodiesel, diesel, n-octanol, ternary blends, CI engine, performance, combustion, emissions, sustainability.
Abstract
Abstract— The increasing energy demand, environmental concerns, and depletion of fossil fuel reserves have motivated extensive research on renewable and sustainable alternatives for compression-ignition (CI) engines. Biodiesel derived from renewable feedstocks and alcohol-based ternary blends have emerged as promising candidates to replace or partially substitute diesel fuel. Among alcohols, n-octanol has attracted significant attention due to its long carbon chain, high energy density, better miscibility, and favorable physicochemical properties compared to short-chain alcohols such as methanol or ethanol. This review consolidates findings from 50 experimental studies that investigated biodiesel, diesel, and n-octanol-based ternary blends in CI engines. The review emphasizes key performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and engine power, as well as combustion behavior, emission characteristics, and sustainability implications. Comparative analysis reveals that ternary blends generally enhance combustion stability, reduce unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO), and can achieve lower smoke opacity, although nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions show variable trends. Identified research gaps include inadequate exploration of spray dynamics, particulate morphology, durability of engine components, and the integration of life-cycle assessments (LCA). Future research directions suggest the optimization of blend ratios, advanced injection strategies, and hybridization with after-treatment technologies. The review concludes that n-octanol-based ternary blends represent a viable pathway for cleaner and more efficient CI engine operation, aligning with global goals for sustainable transportation.
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IJRTI — journal style
"Biodiesel and Ternary Blends in Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: A Comprehensive Review", IJRTI - International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation (www.ijrti.org), ISSN:2456-3315, Vol.11, Issue 1, page no.a525-a532, January-2026, Available :https://ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI2601076.pdf
APA — 7th edition
Kumar, R., Lal, B., & Mahla, S. (2026). Biodiesel and Ternary Blends in Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation, 11(1), a525-a532. https://ijrti.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJRTI2601076
MLA — 9th edition
Kumar, Rajinder, et al. "Biodiesel and Ternary Blends in Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: A Comprehensive Review." International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation, vol. 11, no. 1, 2026, pp. a525-a532, https://ijrti.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJRTI2601076.
Chicago — 17th, bibliography
Kumar, Rajinder, Basant Lal, and Sunil Mahla. "Biodiesel and Ternary Blends in Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: A Comprehensive Review." International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation 11, no. 1 (2026): a525-a532. https://ijrti.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJRTI2601076.
Harvard — author–date
Kumar, R., Lal, B. and Mahla, S. (2026) 'Biodiesel and Ternary Blends in Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: A Comprehensive Review', International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation, 11(1), pp. a525-a532. Available at: https://ijrti.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJRTI2601076
IEEE — numbered reference
R. Kumar, B. Lal and S. Mahla, "Biodiesel and Ternary Blends in Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: A Comprehensive Review," IJRTI, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. a525-a532, Jan. 2026.
Vancouver — biomedical
Kumar R, Lal B, Mahla S. Biodiesel and Ternary Blends in Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: A Comprehensive Review. IJRTI. 2026 Jan;11(1):a525-a532.
AMA — 11th edition
Kumar R, Lal B, Mahla S. Biodiesel and Ternary Blends in Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: A Comprehensive Review. IJRTI. 2026;11(1):a525-a532. Accessed at https://ijrti.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJRTI2601076
BibTeX — Zotero, Mendeley, LaTeX
@article{IJRTI2601076,
author = {Rajinder Kumar and Basant Lal and Sunil Mahla},
title = {Biodiesel and Ternary Blends in Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: A Comprehensive Review},
journal = {International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {a525-a532},
year = {2026},
month = {January},
issn = {2456-3315},
url = {https://ijrti.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJRTI2601076}
}
RIS — EndNote, RefWorks
TY - JOUR
AU - Kumar, Rajinder
AU - Lal, Basant
AU - Mahla, Sunil
TI - Biodiesel and Ternary Blends in Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: A Comprehensive Review
T2 - International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation
JA - IJRTI
VL - 11
IS - 1
PY - 2026
SN - 2456-3315
UR - https://ijrti.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJRTI2601076
SP - a525-a532
ER -
Issue
Volume 11 Issue 1,
January-2026
Pages : a525-a532
Other Publication Details
Paper Reg. ID
IJRTI_209201
Published Paper ID
IJRTI2601076
Downloads
205,627
Research Area
Mechanical EngineeringÂ
Country
Karimpur (158), Nawanshahr,Shaheed Bhagat ,PB, India
Published
January 2026
Published Paper PDF
https://ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI2601076.pdf
Published Paper URL
https://ijrti.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJRTI2601076
About Publisher
International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation
Published by IJRTI (JW Publication)
2456-3315
ISSN
10.57
Impact Factor
2016
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Open
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Declarations
Funding
No external funding was received for this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the reviewers and the editorial board of International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation for their careful reading and constructive comments, and all colleagues who supported the preparation of this manuscript.
