Sanatana Dharma during the Vedic Period: A Concept Based on Rta

Miss.Thukaya. Peranantham

Sanātana Dharma, Veda, Ṛta , Satya, Eternal path , Cosmic Order, Hinduism

Abstract: Sanātana Dharma, often translated as the Eternal order, in the Vedic period was intrinsically rooted in the cosmic principle of Ṛta—the universal law that sustains both the natural and moral order of existence. In early Vedic thought, Ṛta governed the harmonious functioning of the cosmos, the cycles of nature, and the ethical conduct of human beings, serving as the metaphysical foundation for dharma. The hymns of the Ṛgveda depict Ṛta as an impersonal yet all-pervading principle maintained by the devas, especially Varuṇa and Mitra, whose vigilance ensured the preservation of truth, justice, and cosmic regularity. Rituals (yajña), social duties, and personal virtues were understood as expressions of alignment with Ṛta, making adherence to it both a spiritual and practical necessity. Over time, the conceptual framework of Ṛta evolved into the more structured notion of Dharma, yet its essence continued to inform Vedic religion, ethics, and law. This paper examines Sanātana Dharma during the Vedic period through the lens of Ṛta, highlighting its role as the eternal, unchanging principle that underpinned cosmic stability, social order, and moral responsibility.Even though four Vedas emerges about Rta; Especially Ṛta is a key concept of the Ṛgveda , refers to the universal law of harmony, truth, and order that upholds nature, the cosmos, and human society. Therefore, this study refer to Rta in the Vedas.To examine the concept of Sanātana Dharma as understood during the Vedic period, with special emphasis on its philosophical and ethical foundation in the principle of Ṛta—the cosmic order. The study aims to explore how Ṛta shaped Vedic thought, ritual practices, moral values, and societal organization, and to highlight its role as the eternal, unchanging law underpinning the idea of Sanātana Dharma. This study is basically a descriptive study. It is noteworthy that the Historical method and Comparative methods are also being used in appropriate circumstances. Collecting Data is subject to content analysis.

Volume 10 Issue 9, September-2025

Pages : a65-a71